مقاله درباره The system of education in Europe countries (Germany)

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of Education

The German education system provides different paths for students based on individual ability. Children enter the Grundschule at age 6, and students of all levels of ability remain together as a group through the fourth grade of Grundschule (sixth grade in two states). Following Grundschule, when most students are around 10 years old, the German school system tracks students of differing abilities and interests into different school forms. In spite of the far-reaching changes of the past 30 years, including the shift from elite to mass education, Germany?s traditional three-tiered system of education at the secondary level remains intact. In addition, support for this system remains strong among teachers, students, and parents of differing educational and social class backgrounds.

Grundschule teachers recommend their students to a particular school based on criteria such as academic achievement, potential, and personality characteristics, such as ability to work independently and self-confidence. However, in most states parents have the final say as to which school their child will track to following the fourth grade, and some parents go against the teacher's recommendation because they believe the higher level tracks offer their children more opportunities.In most states, students enter one of several school forms at the lower secondary level (which comprise of a pyramid of academic achievement).

• The Hauptschule (grades 5-9 in most states) leads to receipt of the Hauptschule certificate and then to part-time enrollment in a vocational school combined with apprenticeship training until the age of 18.
• The Realschule (grades 5-10 in most states) leads to receipt of the Realschule certificate and then to part-time vocational schools, higher vocational schools or continuation of study at a Gymnasium.
• The Gymnasium (grades 5-13 in most states) leads to the Abitur and prepares students for university study or for a dual academic and vocational credential.

Although it is possible for students to switch to a higher-level school form with improved performance, it is not a frequent occurrence. It is more common that a student will move to a less rigorous school if they cannot meet their school's performance standards.

Hauptschule

The lowest-achieving students attend the Hauptschule, where they receive slower paced and more basic instruction in the same primary academic subjects taught at the Realschule and Gymnasium. Additional subjects at the Hauptschule have a vocational orientation. In most states, students enroll in the Hauptschule beginning in the fifth grade and continue their education at the Hauptschule through the ninth grade. However, some states require school attendance through the 10th grade, and in one of the southern states all students who do not enroll in the Gymnasium for the 5th grade are sent to the Hauptschule for a minimum of 2 years. Enrollment figures reported 25 percent of 14-year-olds attended Hauptschulen in the 1992?93 school year (Statistisches Bundesamt 1993).